(Answered)-Stoicism B. Aristotle C. St. Augustine D. Descartes E. Hedonism - (2025 Updated Original AI-Free Solution

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Question

Stoicism B. Aristotle C. St. Augustine

D. Descartes E. Hedonism F. Empiricism

G. John Locke H. George Berkeley I. David Hume

J. Rationalism K. Scholasticism L. St. Thomas Aquinas

____K___. This philosophy emphasizes epistemology and holds that truth can be discovered solely through reason and abstract reasoning without reference to sensory observations, experiments or experience.

___A___. This philosophy believes that humans can achieve happiness as peace of mind if only we can trust in universal reason and the Logos, accept our sufferings and detach ourselves from our emotions.

____B__. This philosopher believed that there is always a right answer, that virtue is universal and formed by habit and that the Cardinal virtue of moderation was the foundation for the Good Life.
__E____. This philosophy teaches that rational and objective observation of human behavior demonstrates that mankind?s behavior is largely explained by his active pursuit of pleasure, always a good end, and his predictable avoidance of pain, an undesirable end.

___G___. This empiricist philosopher believed that our minds are ?tabula rasas? or blank slates.

____H__. This philosopher rejected the Correspondence Theory of Truth because verification of one?s impressions or perceptions is not possible in a world of constant change or flux.

____L__. This philosopher subjected his beliefs to a rigorous, systematic re-examination using natural reason and methodic doubt and concluded, among other things, that man is primarily a rational, thinking being.

____G__. This philosopher asserted a basic foundation for empiricism and advocated the Correspondence Theory of Truth.

___I___. This philosopher used reason in an ironic fashion to demonstrate that reason was merely ?a slave to the passions.?

____B__. According to this philosopher, vanity and narcissism are vices that should be avoided when one is forming the proper attitude towards oneself.

___A___. This philosophy emphasizes metaphysics and believes that humans can achieve happiness as peace of mind if only we can trust in universal reason and the Logos, accept our sufferings and detach ourselves from our emotions.

____C__. This philosopher authored the ?City of God,? believed that pride was the greatest sin and asserted that faith was essential to an authentic knowledge and understanding of truth.

___H____. The philosophy known as ?immaterialism? is attributed to this Empiricist philosopher in the Modern Enlightenment.

_____B__. This philosopher rejected Plato?s idea of the Intelligible World and believed that all human knowledge could be understood via the Four Causes.

_____D__. This Enlightenment philosophy is characterized by epistemological dualism, and resembles the philosophy of the Sophists in that regard.

Section II. Multiple Choice. (Max. 60 points)

This section consists of twenty (20) multiple choice questions worth 3 points each. Choose the best response to each question and write your answer in the space provided. Maximum number of points awarded for this section is sixty (60) points.

1. ____B___. The study of knowledge and the process of learning is known as ____________ in philosophy?

(A) Metaphysics (C) Ethics

(B) Epistemology (D) Dualism

2. ____C___. The Stoics believed that peace of mind was the ultimate happiness in life and that it could be achieved through all of the following attitudes except __________?

(A) detachment from one?s emotions

(B) acceptance of one?s suffering and/or fate

(D) adherence to responsibilities, duties and obligations in life

3. _____D__. The philosophy of Naturalism is a significant component of which of the following philosophers/philosophies?

(A) Aristotle (B) Stoicism

4. ___C___. Which of the following best describes how Aristotle believes virtue can be obtained?

Virtue and morals are things that are innate and we are born with.

Virtue is something that one gets from one?s parents.

Virtue and morals are dispositions of the will that can be habituated

through practice and effort.

Virtue is something learned through education and religion.

5. ____B__. Which of the following philosophies appears to be most inconsistent with Aristotle?s teachings regarding virtue and ethics in general?

(A) Hedonism

(B) Stoicism

(D) None of the above.

6. ___B___. Which of the following does NOT constitute an Aristotelian virtue or mean?

(A) Proper self-love and respect (B) Envy

7. ____B___. Which of the following philosophers concluded that faith is essential to reason and necessarily precedes and illuminates it in order to arrive at Truth and ?true understanding??

(A) St. Augustine

(B) St. Thomas Aquinas

(D) Rene? Descartes

8. _____B__. Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the Kalam Cosmological Argument?

(A) It is an argument or proof for God?s existence that applies St. Thomas Aquinas? Argument from Causation (Cause & Effect) to the universe.

(B) It is an example of inductive reasoning that flows from human nature and draws general conclusions via the scientific method about the origins of the universe.

(C) It deduces from the scientific fact that the universe has a beginning that the universe must have a supernatural cause of its existence.

(D) It rejects the view that something can arise from nothing.

9. _____A__. The teleological argument for God?s existence, commonly referred to as the Argument from Design, is rooted in which of the following rational contentions?

(A) It is impossible for something to come from nothing.

(B) Intelligence accounts for a rational and ordered nature.

(D) Existence is greater than non-existence.

10. ____A___. Socrates saw man as primarily a spiritual being. The hedonists see man primarily as a physical or sensory being. What did Descartes, the Father of the Enlightenment, see man as?

(A) Primarily a thinking thing that is intertwined with and in union with an independent body.

(B) A being that is controlled by and dependent upon his physical body.

(D) None of the above.

11. _____C__. This philosopher believes that perception is so integral to our nature and existence that the core of his philosophy asserts that ?to exist is to be perceived.?

(A) Descartes (C) Berkeley

(B) Locke (D) Hume

12. ___B____. In his ?Meditations,? Descartes rejects knowledge based primarily on his senses for several reasons and embraces a theory of truth that, in essence, describes what kind of reasoning?

(A) Inductive Reasoning (C) Disjunctive Reasoning

(B) Deductive Reasoning (D) Practical Reasoning

13. ___C____. The ?Scientific Method? and ?Inductive Reasoning? are most consistent with the epistemology of which of the following philosophies?

(A) Pragmatism

(B) Empiricism

(D) Scholasticism

14. ____A___. Which of the following IS TRUE according to David Hume?

(A) Innate or ?a priori? ideas form a solid basis for reasoning and knowledge.

(B) Knowledge of cause and effect is a posteriori knowledge and forms the foundation for Humean epistemological theory.

(D) Reason is limited and the notion of ?self? is neither rational nor comprehensible.

15. ____C___. Which of the following best describes the ?egocentric predicament? of the British Empiricists?

(A) knowledge of the intelligible world renders one arrogant but wise

(B) the concept of self is unintelligible

possible.

(D) none of the above are true.

16. __B_____. Knowledge that is derived primarily from sensory observation and experience is referred to as __________.

(A) a priori (C) noumenal

(B) a posteriori (D) tabula rasa

17. ___B____. Which of the following philosophers DID NOT believe that true knowledge consisted primarily of ?a posteriori? ideas?

(A) Locke (C) Descartes

(B) Berkeley (D) Hume

18. ____A___. Which of the following philosophers did not believe that all persons were fundamentally the same and rejected the spiritual nature of man?

(A) Descartes

(B) Hume

(D) Aristotle

19. ___D___. Which of the following IS NOT TRUE with regard to the Correspondence theory of truth?

(A) It is a theory credited to John Locke that presupposes that we are blank slates at

birth.

(B) It is a theory that defines truth in accordance with reason.

(D) It is a theory that George Berkeley fully embraces.

20. __A____. Which of the following philosophers sees the human being largely in material or physical terms?

(A) Descartes

(B) Aristippus

(D) Socrates